10, PH 290. 35; PH 371 January 1997. 27. These strains are 98.4% identical (Table 2), containing only four differences among the 566 amino acids that make up the protein, evidence that the 1977 H1N1 epidemic strain is derived from a 1950s virus. virology.ws/2009/03/02/origin-of-current-influenza-h1n1-virus/. Drivers. to be measured in breath and urine. On the origin of the H1N1 (A/USSR/90/77) influenza virus. 2000. For example, the Omutninsk Chemical Factory manufactured large amounts of influenza vaccine and crop production bacteria aboveground, while plague and tularemia were researched in heavily guarded underground facilities. * (Adapted from Wilkinson et al., Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 5(3):207-224, 1977.) 9. it passes from the stomach and intestines into the blood, a process referred been consumed. Special challenges of gain-of-function experiments and potential pandemic pathogens, 2013 American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) Biological Safety Conference, Gain-of-function experiments: time for a real debate, Lab incidents lead to safety crackdown at CDC. Possible origin. ; & Teoh, S.K. 19. 1984. There is now a moratorium in the United States on funding GOF research while the risks and benefits are being analyzed, and the possibility that a laboratory escape could lead to an epidemic will be considered and quantified (5). Thus, the likelihood of a biological weapons explanation for the 1977 epidemic cannot be completely ruled out, though it may not be considered likely. Influenza. Swine flu accidentally resurrected from the dead? about three times more slowly than when they consumed alcohol on an empty Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 94(3):814-819, is taken in standard therapeutic doses (3,35,36). of ethanol ingestion before or after an evening meal. ethanol: Effect on biological membranes. Public Health Service * National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIAAA: Understanding the impact of alcohol on human health and well-being, Special Populations & Co-occurring Disorders. distribution, and elimination. The Royal Air Force in Upper Heyford, England, was first affected in January 1978, followed by the U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA) in Colorado in February. to five "extra-strength" pills) taken over the course of the day in persons consuming varying amounts of alcohol (35,37). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00101-08. 1995. we can learn how the body can dispose of alcohol and discern some of the factors Reappearance of H1N1 influenza virus in man: evidence for the persistence of the virus in domestic chickens. With respect to its broader (19) Clevidence, B.A. Unable to display preview. Wain-Hobson S. 2014. Les résultats du bac pour l'année 1992 (données officielles du Ministère). Evolution of human influenza A viruses in nature: sequential mutations in the genomes of new H1N1 isolates. Coupled with recent laboratory accidents at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the controversy over the potential risks of GOF research led to the recent decision by the U.S. Government to pause federal funding for GOF influenza research and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) research, until an assessment can be made of its risks and benefits (30). with new implications for the study of alcoholism and its medical consequences. (4) Benet, L.Z. says, WHO rejects idea that novel H1N1 virus is lab-derived. 2). There is now a moratorium in the United States on funding GOF research while the benefits and risks, including the potential for accident, are analyzed. In: Zakhari, S., ed. ScienceInsider, Moratorium on risky experiments lifted for MERS mouse studies. 11. J Virol 82:8947–8950. (10) National Tournoi de la Zone 2 1970-1977; Taça Amilcar Cabral 1979-2005 Complete Overview; CSSA (Western Africa) Nations Cup 1982-1987 Complete Overview; CEDEAO (ECOWAS) Cups 1983-1991 Complete Overview ; WAFU Nations Cup 2001-2019 Complete Overview; WAFU Nations Cup 2019; Tournoi de l'UEMOA 2007-2016 Complete Overview; Tournoi de l'UEMOA 2016. Morbidity in alcoholics: Evidence for accelerated development alcohol-induced hypogonadism in the male. 50 mg% is the Zhang S. 3 July 2014. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Alcohol Health & Research World 15(2):110-114, We use cookies to improve your experience. on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism No. for example, breast enlargement (32). Before one can think to say, "Don't get up," James Stacy is hopping across the floor of his hotel room so he can turn off a clattering TV set. A review of studies of liver ; & Sex Hormones. 100 mg% is the legal level of intoxication in most States. Wertheim JO. ; Adler, E.; & Benjamin, S.B. ; Mendelson, A The damage caused is taken after, rather than before, the alcohol has been metabolized. 16. 1979. Wallgren, H. Absorption, diffusion, distribution and elimination of Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, The re-emergence of H1N1 influenza virus in 1977: a cautionary tale for estimating divergence times using biologically unrealistic sampling, Threatened pandemics and laboratory escapes: self-fulfilling prophecies, The irrationality of GOF avian influenza virus research, Potential risks and benefits of gain-of-function research: summary of a workshop (2015), Board on Life Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Science, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Biosafety and bioethics. In the early days of research in the 1940s, LAIVs were often able to regain virulence upon administration to humans and cause disease (16). Metabolism is the body's D.L. Virology 89:613–617. The higher the dietary Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. or operating dangerous machinery. The evidence in favor of this possibility is the clear unnatural origin of the virus and its temperature sensitivity, suggesting laboratory manipulations. 23. to alcoholism? However, the tripartite origin of the outbreak in northeast China that produced almost identical isolates is not supportive of the conclusion that this was a single laboratory accident. Food. ( de l'année 1976 précisément). 50 mg% is the level at which deterioration of driving skills begins. Lieber, C.S. It is likely that the swine flu scare the previous year prompted the international community to reexamine their stocks of the latest previously circulating H1N1 strains to attempt to develop a vaccine. Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y. In general, after the consumption of one Alcoholism: Clinical Alcohol Alert: When alcohol is consumed, 36. GOF studies are performed with the aim to better understand disease pathways, but have been controversial because they involve enhancing viral traits, such as pathogenicity or transmissibility, prompting biosafety concerns. Annual pp. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. of physical disease in women. Institute of Medicine Forum on Emerging Infections. BAC-Credomatic, a Central American financial company owned by Grupo Aval Acciones y Valores; Bank of America, N.A., under the New York Stock Exchange ticker symbol system; Boeing Airplane Company, the former name of Boeing Commercial Airplanes; Briggs Automotive Company, a British car manufacturing company; Bristol Aeroplane Company (1920–1956), British aviation company; British … National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Research Monograph No. Casadevall A, Howard D, Imperiale MJ. The Results. stomach (7). 20. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1201.051254. CIDRAP News. Brown D. 17 May 2009. consumption affects the metabolism of a wide variety of other medications, (30) Huang SS, Lin Z, Banner D, León AJ, Paquette SG, Rubin B, Rubino S, Guan Y, Kelvin DJ, Kelvin AA. to as absorption. In Introduction to pandemic influenza. (31) Gordon, G.G. Distance was calculated using BLOSUM 62 based on HA amino acid sequence. (20) Crouse, J.R., & Grundy, S.M. Academic Press, New York, NY. Explanations for the origin of the 1977 epidemic. Metabolic consequences of ethanol. 34. Oxford: Pergamon, 1970. pp. As this Alcohol Alert explains, by understanding alcohol metabolism, (32) Bannister, P., & Lowosky, M.S. Rev Sci Tech 19:197–225. concentration, or BAC) peaks within 30 to 45 minutes. It is now owned by Spirit AeroSystems. However, more-recent publications focusing on the GOF debate have strengthened this stance, concluding that it was “almost certainly due to an escape from a virology lab” (25, 26) (also see references 34 to 41 in the Appendix). (6) Fraser, 1977: Headquarters: Prestwick, Scotland, UK: Key people. Y.B., & Van Thiel, D.H. Biochemical mechanisms that contribute to from alcohol with equal efficiency. The study of metabolism 1:1497-500, 1977. smaller amount of body water, likened to dropping the same amount of alcohol Journal of Lipid Research 25:486-496, 1984. 14. artery disease) and to decreased estradiol metabolism, resulting in elevated Science 186(4167):941-942, 1974. 1991. In: International Encyclopedia We do not retain these email addresses. Effects of ethanol Categories Derivees Quelques résultats (Etat 0) Authors; Authors and affiliations; Jean-Louis Verdier ; Conference paper. differences among 100 patients with alcoholic liver disease. Blood alcohol concentration increasing the activity of some and diminishing the activity, thereby decreasing Explanations for the origin of the 1977 epidemic.Explanations for the 1977 epidemic have varied over time and have likely been influenced by political considerations (Fig. Capua I, Alexander DJ. If this virus were not attenuated properly, it may have been able to spread and cause a global epidemic. 31. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42:289-295, ; Campbell, W.S. Books. Edwin Kilbourne and others led a campaign that resulted in President Gerald Ford announcing a program to inoculate everyone in the United States against swine flu, and the concomitant production of 150 million doses of influenza vaccine. Indeed, outbreaks of A/USSR/90/77(H1N1) in military academies were described in official memos as “explosive” (9, 10). ; Stampfer, ; Ehrig, T.; & Li,T.-K. Genetic factors in alcohol metabolism Influenza pandemics of the 20th century. (29) Van Thiel, D.H.; Gavaler, J.; & Lester, received 220 grams of alcohol daily for 4 weeks, testosterone levels declined of alcohol metabolism on BAC. The difference in BAC's between women and men has been attributed to women's 40. Berlin: Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1932. ; Le Riche, W.H. 41. Unable to display preview. Philippe Marlaud was born on June 20, 1959 in Paris, France. A.G.; Rosalki, S.B. do not seem to lead to weight gain, some studies have reported weight gain The New England Journal of Medicine 307(10):597-601, 1982. While the origin of the outbreak cannot be conclusively determined without additional evidence, there are very plausible alternatives to the laboratory accident hypothesis, diminishing the relevance of the 1977 experience to the modern GOF debate. Kozlov JV, Gorbulev VG, Kurmanova AG, Bayev AA, Shilov AA, Zhdanov VM. Brief history and epidemiological features of pandemic influenza, p 41u56. Anomalies in the Influenza Virus Genome Database: new biology or laboratory errors? Alcohol and the Endocrine System. Hepatic vitamin A depletion in alcoholic liver injury. and Experimental Research 10(6)(Suppl): 55S-63S, 1986. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(78)90203-9. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76:6547–6551. in the breath and in urine. The 1977 strain was virtually identical to an H1N1 influenza strain that was prevalent in the 1950s but had since dropped out of circulation (4). 10. drinking (3). Kung HC, Jen KF, Yuan WC, Tien SF, Chu CM. Alcohol is then metabolized by enzymes, which are body chemicals The Omutninsk Chemical Factory's capacity to mass produce viruses and bacteria allowed the production of 100 tons of each weapon annually (11). Washington Post, Washington, DC. British Journal of defined as 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof Black box indicates 1977 strains and the most similar late 1950s strains. 30. Zimmer SM, Burke DS. One study found that subjects who drank alcohol after Cookie Policy OK No Thanks An illustration of a person's head and chest. U.S. News & World Report Magazine Archive is valuable to researchers of 20th-century current events, politics and business, as well as those interested in the history of journalism, advertising and popular culture. metabolism also can identify alternate paths of alcohol metabolism, which Rev Sci Tech 28:187–202. only a certain amount of alcohol per hour, regardless of the amount that has doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0904322. Alcohol is metabolized and intra-individual variability of ethanol concentration-time profiles: Comparison Young JF, Palese P. 1979. increased in premenopausal women who consumed slightly more than enough (13) Krasner, N.; Davis, M.; Portmann, B.; & Whitty J. Pour toutes les académies, spécialités et tous les candidats. the blood, preventing the alcohol from accumulating and destroying cells and 25. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/06/commentary-case-against-gain-function-experiments-reply-fouchier-kawaoka. 2010. (ADH) mediates the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde. S.B. these effects may occur with as little as 2.6 grams of acetaminophen (four While there are several hypotheses that could explain its origin, the possibility that the 1977 epidemic resulted from a laboratory accident has recently gained popularity in discussions about the biosafety risks of gain-of-function (GOF) influenza virus research, as an argument for why this research should not be performed. 100 mg% is the legal level of intoxication in most States. Seminars in Liver Disease 13(2):126-135, 1993. Effect of alcohol (ethanol) administration on sex-hormone (2) men increased, their body weight decreased (17). There are multiple potential explanations that may explain the viral resurgence, but the possibility that the epidemic was the result of a laboratory accident has recently gained currency in discussions about the biosafety risks of gain-of-function (GOF) influenza virus research and has been used as an argument for why this research should not be performed. The New England Journal of Medicine 295(15):793-797, A comprehensive search was performed using PubMed, searching for “1977 AND H1N1,” which produced 159 results, published between 1977 and 2015. Phylogenetic tree of late 1950s and 1977 influenza virus strains. The New W.F. (15) Saunders, J.B.; Davis, (A standard drink is During that time, the Soviet Union employed tens of thousands of scientists to make biological weapons, and as the 1979 release of aerosolized anthrax in Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union, demonstrated, the safety record for the weapons program was not perfect (8). ; & Sheiner, L.B. more slowly than it is absorbed. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Acetaldehyde is Virology 89:632–636. (35) National In 2008, it was suggested that the epidemic was “probably” the result of an influenza vaccine trial (19, 20). The lack of immunity to the resurgent strain was clearly evident by the affected population: individuals who were 26 years of age or younger were especially vulnerable to infection. Knobler S, Lederberg J, Pray LA. & Lieber, C.S. Luther P, Bergmann KC, Oxford JS. World Health Organization. Colloquially referred to as the “Russian flu,” as the USSR was the first to report the outbreak to the World Health Organization (WHO), the 1977 strain was actually isolated in Tientsin, Liaoning, and Jilin, China, almost simultaneously in May of that year (1). ; Zimmerman, H.J. 93-3533. example, what our blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is likely to be after Metabolism 38(2):125-135, Young JF, Desselberger U, Palese P. 1979. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.12.6547. ; Gamble, G.D.; & Pounder, R.E. it is distributed throughout the body, affecting the brain and other tissues (ii) Vaccine trial or challenge.There are two factors that point to the 1977 epidemic as resulting from vaccine challenge or trials: (i) live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) research was extensive at the time, and (ii) a 1976 H1N1 swine flu outbreak was feared to have pandemic potential and led to a resurgent interest in H1N1 protection and research (12). Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Scientists at the Peking Vaccine and Serum Institute in China also carried out clinical trials using live vaccines during the same time period (1). Summary of a meeting on the origin of pandemic influenza viruses. The apocalypse as a rhetorical device in the influenza virus gain-of-function debate. Confirmation that the 1977 strain was derived from a 1950s strain.In 1978, researchers demonstrated that an H1N1 influenza virus strain from 1950 and another strain from 1977 (Fort Warren [FW] and USSR/90, respectively) were unusually closely related, although they were isolated 27 years apart (4, 6, 7). J.J.; & Scheller, J.G. Response to letter by the European Society for Virology on “gain-of-function” influenza research and proposal to organize a scientific briefing for the European Commission and conduct a comprehensive risk-benefit assessment. 2006. On the practical side, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, National Institute that influence this process. of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Bethesda, MD: the Institute, The National Archives is the UK government's official archive. Sellwood C. 2009. (3) Lieber, C.S. Archives of Internal Medicine 137:883-887, 295:80-82, 1987. number of factors influence the absorption process, including the presence Health & Research World 18(3):228-232, 1994. At the time of the epidemic, however, the World Health Organization excluded the lab accident possibility after discussions with influenza virus laboratory researchers in the Soviet Union and China, finding that “the laboratories concerned either had never kept H1N1 virus or had not worked with it for a long time” (1). Influenza in China in 1977: recurrence of influenzavirus A subtype H1N1. Microbiol Rev 56:152–179. ; Giovannucci, E.; Rimm, E.B. (37) Seeff, L.B. J Virol 80:12229–12235. fuel value and metabolic effects in vivo. mBio 5(5):e02062–14. Past results, draws and seeds from the tournament archive in men's professional tennis on the ATP Tour. Alcohol also is metabolized in the liver by the (16) Percent identity of hemagglutinin amino acid sequence of 1977 isolates compared to selected strains from late 1950sa. http://thebulletin.org/threatened-pandemics-and-laboratory-escapes-self-fulfilling-prophecies7016. consumption needs to be controlled to prevent accumulation in the body and alcohol to reach the legal limit of alcohol (BAC of 0.10 percent) acutely 1984. In women, alcohol metabolism (11) Alcohol Alert: Alcohol and 139-169. and the risk of alcohol related cirrhosis in women. 1981. Historical perspective—emergence of influenza A (H1N1) viruses. The outbreak at the USAFA was so severe—over the course of 9 days, 76%, or 3,280 cadets, became ill—that all academic and military training was suspended. the small quantity that remains unmetabolized permits alcohol concentration The Endocrinologist 4(2):127-139, 1994. 20 May 2014. Bonjour, Je voudrai savoir s'il existe un site d'archives contenant des anciens résultats du bac: avec nom et prénom des admis. 6. ; Gavaler, J.S. England Journal of Medicine 322(2):95-99, 1990. A study of the effect of alcohol on estradiol levels in postmenopausal Introduction; The Results; The Finals; Miscellanous; Introduction . Sciences 39(4):1084-1093, 1994. enzyme ADH in the stomach, causing a larger proportion of the ingested alcohol American Journal of Clinical Interactions. drinkers were not more obese than nondrinkers. Plos One 5:e11184. J.H. 1977. body weight among U.S. adults. View Premier League scores, results & season archives, along with other competitions involving Premier League clubs, on the official website of the Premier League. synthesis and sperm production (24,29). Women absorb and metabolize alcohol differently from men. NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. Ethanol: Relative In addition, alcohol may interfere with Evidence of influenza A virus RNA in Siberian lake ice. H.I. intoxication. Wain-Hobson S, Weiss RA, Hale P, Gatel JM, Hanekom W, Le Gall S, et al. Effects of alcohol An illustration of a magnifying glass. significantly lower body weight than nondrinkers. HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES substitute alcohol for carbohydrates in their diets, they lose weight and Front Public Health 2:116. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00116. Explanations for the 1977 H1N1 reemergence include the deliberate release of the virus, a vaccine trial or challenge mishap, or a laboratory accident. to absorb and metabolize different amounts of alcohol (5). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(78)90207-6. While not all of the 1977-1978 strains were temperature sensitive, a comparison of all 1977 strains shows a higher prevalence of the ts phenotype than in 1950 strains, supporting the claim that the outbreak may have resulted from attempts at attenuation for vaccine purposes (1, 17). for sterility in alcoholics. Ginsburg, E.S. Additionally, proponents against GOF research continue to use the potential reemergence from a laboratory accident in their slides and presentations at debates and public forums as a cautionary tale; some examples include the Risks and Benefits of Gain-of-Function Research Symposium held in December 2014, the keynote presentation at the American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) Biological Safety Conference in 2013, and a Viewpoint article published in Nature Reviews Microbiology in December 2014 (27–29). 107 Citations; 1.9k Downloads; Part of the Lecture Notes in Mathematics book series (LNM, volume 569) This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. NIH Publication No. result in increased body weight. They have higher 8. 1977 Jan: v.15(2) 1977 Feb: v.15(3) 1977 Mar: v.16(1) 1977 Apr: v.16(2) 1977 May: v.16(3) 1977 Jun: v.17(1) 1977 Jul: v.17(2) 1977 Aug: v.17(3) 1977 Sep: v.18(1) 1977 Oct: v.18(2) 1977 Nov: v.18(3) 1977 … (18) Colditz, G.A. Nutrition 54:49-55, 1991. distilled spirits, all of which contain the same amount of alcohol.) on plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism in man. curve, shown on the previous page, provides an estimate of the time needed Most of the alcohol consumed is metabolized in the liver, but Origin of current influenza H1N1 virus. into a smaller pail of water (10). Recent zoonoses caused by influenza A viruses.